Sérialisation des données

Lorsque nous parlons de sérialisation, nous parlons aussi bien de la sérialisation des données que de leur désérialisation.

La sérialisation entre en jeu à certains moments du cycle de vie des comptes de programmes et du programme de Solana :

Sérialisation des données d'instruction côté client
Désérialiser des données d'instruction dans le programme
Sérialisation des données du compte dans le programme
Désérialisation des données du compte côté client

Il est important que les actions ci-dessus soient toutes prises en charge par la même approche de sérialisation. Les snippets inclus montrent la sérialisation en utilisant Borsh.

Les exemples figurant dans la suite de ce document sont des extraits du modèle de programme CLI de Solana

Configuration pour la sérialisation avec Borsh

Les bibliothèques pour Borsh doivent être configurées pour le programme Rust, le client Rust, Node et/ou le client Python.

[package]
name = "solana-cli-template-program-bpf"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2018"
license = "WTFPL"

# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

[features]
no-entrypoint = []

[dependencies]
borsh = "0.9.0"
lazy_static = "1.4.0"
num-derive = "0.3"
num_enum = "0.5.1"
num-integer = "0.1.44"
num-traits = "0.2"
sol-template-shared = {path = "../shared"}
solana-program = "1.8.2"
thiserror = "1.0"

[dev-dependencies]
solana-program-test = "1.8.2"
solana-sdk = "1.8.2"

[lib]
crate-type = ["cdylib", "lib"]

[package]
name = "cli-program-template"
version = "0.1.5"
edition = "2018"
license = "WTFPL"
publish = false

[dependencies]
borsh = "0.9.0"
clap = "2.33.3"
lazy_static = "1.4.0"
serde = { version = "1.0.125", features = ["derive"] }
serde_yaml = "0.8.17"
sol-template-shared = {path = "shared"}
solana-clap-utils = "1.8.2"
solana-cli-config = "1.8.2"
solana-client = "1.8.2"
solana-logger = "1.8.2"
solana-remote-wallet = "1.8.2"
solana-sdk = "1.8.2"
tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }

[workspace]
members = [
    "program",
    "shared",
]
[dev-dependencies]
lazy_static = "1.4.0"
solana-validator = "1.8.2"
solana-streamer = "1.8.2"

{
  "name": "ts-program-template",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "description": "Sample TS App",
  "main": "client/nmain.ts",
  "author": "",
  "keywords": [],
  "workspace": "client/",
  "repository": {
    "type": "git",
    "url": "https: //github.com/hashblock/solana-cli-program-template"
  },
  "homepage": "https: //github.com/hashblock/solana-cli-program-template",
  "scripts": {
    "test:all": "npm run build:client && npm run test:client",
    "build:client": "rm -rf ./.dist/client && tsc ",
    "start": "node ./node_modules/.bin/mocha .dist/client/main.js",
    "test:client": "npm run start",
    "lint": "eslint --ext .ts client/* && prettier --check \"client/**/*.ts\"",
    "lint:fix": "eslint --ext .ts client/* --fix",
    "pretty": "prettier --write '{,client/**/}*.ts'"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@tsconfig/recommended": "^1.0.1",
    "@types/chai": "^4.3.0",
    "@types/eslint": "^7.28.2",
    "@types/eslint-plugin-prettier": "^3.1.0",
    "@types/mkdirp": "^1.0.2",
    "@types/mocha": "^9.0.0",
    "@types/prettier": "^2.4.1",
    "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^5.6.0",
    "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^5.6.0",
    "chai": "^4.3.4",
    "eslint": "^8.2.0",
    "eslint-config-google": "^0.14.0",
    "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.3.0",
    "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^4.0.0",
    "html-webpack-plugin": "^5.5.0",
    "mocha": "^9.1.3",
    "prettier": "^2.4.1",
    "start-server-and-test": "^1.14.0",
    "ts-node": "^10.4.0",
    "typescript": "^4.5.2"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "@solana/web3.js": "^1.31.0",
    "borsh": "^0.7.0",
    "env": "^0.0.2",
    "fs": "^0.0.1-security",
    "mkdirp": "^1.0.4",
    "npm-check-updates": "^12.0.3",
    "sync-request": "^6.1.0",
    "update": "^0.4.2"
  }
}

borsh-construct==0.1.0
solana==0.20.0

Comment sérialiser les données d'instruction côté client

Si vous sérialisez des données d'instructions sortantes pour les envoyer à un programme, vous devez tenir compte de la manière dont le programme désérialise les données d'instruction entrantes.

Dans ce modèle, un bloc de données d'instruction est un tableau sérialisé qui contient par exemple :

Instruction (Indice variable)	Clé de sérialisation	Valeur sérialisée
Initialize (0)	non applicable pour l'instruction	non applicable pour l'instruction
Mint (1)	"foo"	"bar"
Transfer (2)	"foo"	non applicable pour l'instruction
Burn (2)	"foo"	non applicable pour l'instruction

Dans l'exemple suivant, nous supposons que le compte propriétaire du programme a été initialisé

// Include borsh functionality

import { serialize, deserialize, deserializeUnchecked } from "borsh";
import { Buffer } from "buffer";

// Get Solana
import {
  Keypair,
  Connection,
  PublicKey,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

// Flexible class that takes properties and imbues them
// to the object instance
class Assignable {
  constructor(properties) {
    Object.keys(properties).map((key) => {
      return (this[key] = properties[key]);
    });
  }
}

// Our instruction payload vocabulary
class Payload extends Assignable {}

// Borsh needs a schema describing the payload
const payloadSchema = new Map([
  [
    Payload,
    {
      kind: "struct",
      fields: [
        ["id", "u8"],
        ["key", "string"],
        ["value", "string"],
      ],
    },
  ],
]);

// Instruction variant indexes
enum InstructionVariant {
  InitializeAccount = 0,
  MintKeypair,
  TransferKeypair,
  BurnKeypair,
}

/**
 * Mint a key value pair to account
 * @param {Connection} connection - Solana RPC connection
 * @param {PublicKey} progId - Sample Program public key
 * @param {PublicKey} account - Target program owned account for Mint
 * @param {Keypair} wallet - Wallet for signing and payment
 * @param {string} mintKey - The key being minted key
 * @param {string} mintValue - The value being minted
 * @return {Promise<Keypair>} - Keypair
 */

export async function mintKV(
  connection: Connection,
  progId: PublicKey,
  account: PublicKey,
  wallet: Keypair,
  mintKey: string,
  mintValue: string
): Promise<string> {
  // Construct the payload
  const mint = new Payload({
    id: InstructionVariant.MintKeypair,
    key: mintKey, // 'ts key'
    value: mintValue, // 'ts first value'
  });

  // Serialize the payload
  const mintSerBuf = Buffer.from(serialize(payloadSchema, mint));
  // console.log(mintSerBuf)
  // => <Buffer 01 06 00 00 00 74 73 20 6b 65 79 0e 00 00 00 74 73 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 76 61 6c 75 65>
  // let mintPayloadCopy = deserialize(schema, Payload, mintSerBuf)
  // console.log(mintPayloadCopy)
  // => Payload { id: 1, key: 'ts key', value: 'ts first value' }

  // Create Solana Instruction
  const instruction = new TransactionInstruction({
    data: mintSerBuf,
    keys: [
      { pubkey: account, isSigner: false, isWritable: true },
      { pubkey: wallet.publicKey, isSigner: false, isWritable: false },
    ],
    programId: progId,
  });

  // Send Solana Transaction
  const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
    connection,
    new Transaction().add(instruction),
    [wallet],
    {
      commitment: "singleGossip",
      preflightCommitment: "singleGossip",
    }
  );
  console.log("Signature = ", transactionSignature);
  return transactionSignature;
}

from borsh_construct import String, CStruct, U8
from enum import IntEnum
from solana.transaction import Transaction
from solders.pubkey import Pubkey
from solders.keypair import Keypair
from solders.instruction import Instruction, AccountMeta
from solders.rpc.responses import SendTransactionResp
from solana.rpc.api import Client


# Instruction variants for target program
class InstructionVariant(IntEnum):
    INITIALIZE = 0
    MINT = 1
    TRANSFER = 2
    BURN = 3


# Schema for sending instructionVariants to on-chain sample program
payload_schema = CStruct("id" / U8, "key" / String, "value" / String)


def construct_payload(instruction_variant: InstructionVariant, key: str, value: str):
    """Generate a serialized instructionVariant"""
    return payload_schema.build({"id": instruction_variant, "key": key, "value": value})


def mint_kv(
    client: Client,
    program_pk: Pubkey,
    account_pk: Pubkey,
    wallet_kp: Keypair,
    mint_key: str,
    mint_value: str,
) -> SendTransactionResp:
    """Mint with a key/value pair to an account"""
    # Construct the program payload for Mint invariant
    payload_ser = construct_payload(InstructionVariant.MINT, mint_key, mint_value)

    # print(payload_ser)
    # => b'\x01\n\x00\x00\x00python key\x0c\x00\x00\x00python value'
    # mint_payload_copy = payload_schema.parse(payload_ser)
    # print(mint_payload_copy)
    # => Container:
    # =>     initialized = 1
    # =>     key = u'python key' (total 10)
    # =>     value = u'python value' (total 12)

    # Construct the transaction with instructionVariant
    txn = Transaction().add(
        Instruction(
            accounts=[AccountMeta(account_pk, False, True)], program_id=program_pk, data=payload_ser
        )
    )
    return client.send_transaction(txn, wallet_kp)
    # => {'jsonrpc': '2.0', 'result': '4ZdpWNdovdVaLextWSiqEBWp67k9rNTTUaX3qviHDXWY9c98bVtaRt5sasPhYzMVXHqhex78gzNKytcBnVH5CSTZ', 'id': 2}


/// Instruction payload gets serialized
#[derive(BorshSerialize)]
pub struct Payload<'a> {
    variant: u8,
    key: &'a str,
    value: &'a str,
}

/// Perform a mint transaction consisting of a key/value pair
/// See submit_transaction below
pub fn mint_transaction(
    rpc_client: &RpcClient,
    accounts: &[AccountMeta],
    wallet_signer: &dyn Signer,
    mint_key: &str,
    mint_value: &str,
    mint_instruction_id: u8,
    commitment_config: CommitmentConfig,
) -> Result<Signature, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    // Setup the payload. `mint_instruction_id` is instruction variant index = 1
    let data = Payload<`_> {
        variant: mint_instruction_id,
        key: mint_key,
        value: mint_value,
    };
    let instruction = Instruction::new_with_borsh(PROG_KEY.pubkey(), &data, accounts.to_vec());
    submit_transaction(rpc_client, wallet_signer, instruction, commitment_config)
}

/// Submits the program instruction as per the
/// instruction definition
pub fn submit_transaction(
    rpc_client: &RpcClient,
    wallet_signer: &dyn Signer,
    instruction: Instruction,
    commitment_config: CommitmentConfig,
) -> Result<Signature, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let mut transaction =
        Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&wallet_signer.pubkey())));
    let (recent_blockhash, _fee_calculator) = rpc_client
        .get_recent_blockhash()
        .map_err(|err| format!("error: unable to get recent blockhash: {}", err))?;
    transaction
        .try_sign(&vec![wallet_signer], recent_blockhash)
        .map_err(|err| format!("error: failed to sign transaction: {}", err))?;
    let signature = rpc_client
        .send_and_confirm_transaction_with_spinner_and_commitment(&transaction, commitment_config)
        .map_err(|err| format!("error: send transaction: {}", err))?;
    Ok(signature)
}

Comment désérialiser les données d'instruction dans le programme

//! instruction Contains the main ProgramInstruction enum

use {
    crate::error::SampleError, borsh::BorshDeserialize, solana_program::program_error::ProgramError,
};

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
/// All custom program instructions
pub enum ProgramInstruction {
    InitializeAccount,
    MintToAccount { key: String, value: String },
    TransferBetweenAccounts { key: String },
    BurnFromAccount { key: String },
    MintToAccountWithFee { key: String, value: String },
    TransferBetweenAccountsWithFee { key: String },
    BurnFromAccountWithFee { key: String },
}

/// Generic Payload Deserialization
#[derive(BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
struct Payload {
    variant: u8,
    arg1: String,
    arg2: String,
}

impl ProgramInstruction {
    /// Unpack inbound buffer to associated Instruction
    /// The expected format for input is a Borsh serialized vector
    pub fn unpack(input: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ProgramError> {
        let payload = Payload::try_from_slice(input).unwrap();
        match payload.variant {
            0 => Ok(ProgramInstruction::InitializeAccount),
            1 => Ok(Self::MintToAccount {
                key: payload.arg1,
                value: payload.arg2,
            }),
            2 => Ok(Self::TransferBetweenAccounts { key: payload.arg1 }),
            3 => Ok(Self::BurnFromAccount { key: payload.arg1 }),
            4 => Ok(Self::MintToAccountWithFee {
                key: payload.arg1,
                value: payload.arg2,
            }),
            5 => Ok(Self::TransferBetweenAccountsWithFee { key: payload.arg1 }),
            6 => Ok(Self::BurnFromAccountWithFee { key: payload.arg1 }),
            _ => Err(SampleError::DeserializationFailure.into()),
        }
    }
}

Comment sérialiser des données du compte dans le programme

Le bloc de données du compte du programme (provenant du répertoire d'exemples) est structuré comme suit

Byte 0	Bytes 1-4	Bytes restants jusqu'à 1019
Drapeau d'initialisation	longueur de la BTreeMap sérialisée	BTreeMap (où les paires clé-valeur sont stockées)

Pack

Un mot sur le trait Packopen in new window

Le trait pack permet de cacher plus facilement les détails de la sérialisation/désérialisation des données de compte dans les instructions de traitement de votre programme principal. Ainsi, au lieu de mettre tout le processus de sérialisation/désérialisation dans le code de traitement du programme, il encapsule les détails derrière (3) fonctions :

unpack_unchecked - Permet de désérialiser un compte sans vérifier s'il a été initialisé. Ceci est utile lorsque vous traitez la fonction d'initialisation (indice 0).
unpack - Appelle votre implémentation de unpack_from_slice et vérifie si le compte a été initialisé
pack - Appelle votre implémentation de pack_into_slice

Voici l'implémentation du trait Pack pour notre programme d'exemple. Vient ensuite le traitement effectif des données du compte à l'aide de borsh.

//! @brief account_state manages account data

use crate::error::SampleError;
use sol_template_shared::ACCOUNT_STATE_SPACE;
use solana_program::{
    entrypoint::ProgramResult,
    program_error::ProgramError,
    program_pack::{IsInitialized, Pack, Sealed},
};
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

/// Maintains global accumulator
#[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
pub struct ProgramAccountState {
    is_initialized: bool,
    btree_storage: BTreeMap<String, String>,
}

impl ProgramAccountState {
    /// Returns indicator if this account has been initialized
    pub fn set_initialized(&mut self) {
        self.is_initialized = true;
    }
    /// Adds a new key/value pair to the account
    pub fn add(&mut self, key: String, value: String) -> ProgramResult {
        match self.btree_storage.contains_key(&key) {
            true => Err(SampleError::KeyAlreadyExists.into()),
            false => {
                self.btree_storage.insert(key, value);
                Ok(())
            }
        }
    }
    /// Removes a key from account and returns the keys value
    pub fn remove(&mut self, key: &str) -> Result<String, SampleError> {
        match self.btree_storage.contains_key(key) {
            true => Ok(self.btree_storage.remove(key).unwrap()),
            false => Err(SampleError::KeyNotFoundInAccount),
        }
    }
}

impl Sealed for ProgramAccountState {}

// Pack expects the implementation to satisfy whether the
// account is initialzed.
impl IsInitialized for ProgramAccountState {
    fn is_initialized(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_initialized
    }
}

impl Pack for ProgramAccountState {
    const LEN: usize = ACCOUNT_STATE_SPACE;

    /// Store 'state' of account to its data area
    fn pack_into_slice(&self, dst: &mut [u8]) {
        sol_template_shared::pack_into_slice(self.is_initialized, &self.btree_storage, dst);
    }

    /// Retrieve 'state' of account from account data area
    fn unpack_from_slice(src: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ProgramError> {
        match sol_template_shared::unpack_from_slice(src) {
            Ok((is_initialized, btree_map)) => Ok(ProgramAccountState {
                is_initialized,
                btree_storage: btree_map,
            }),
            Err(_) => Err(ProgramError::InvalidAccountData),
        }
    }
}

Sérialisation/Désérialisation

Pour compléter la sérialisation et la désérialisation sous-jacentes :

sol_template_shared::pack_into_slice - Où la sérialisation se produit effectivement
sol_template_shared::unpack_from_slice - Où la désérialisation se produit effectivement

Veuillez noter que dans ce qui suit, nous avons une partition u32 (4 bytes) dans la configuration des données pour BTREE_LENGTH qui précède BTREE_STORAGE. Cela est dû au fait que borsh, pendant la désérialisation, vérifie que la longueur de la portion que vous désérialisez correspond à la quantité de données qu'il lit avant de recombiner effectivement l'objet de réception. L'approche présentée ci-dessous lit d'abord le BTREE_LENGTH pour obtenir la taille à slice à partir du pointeur BTREE_STORAGE.

use {
    arrayref::*,
    borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize},
    solana_program::program_memory::sol_memcpy,
    std::{collections::BTreeMap, error::Error},
};

/// Initialization flag size for account state
pub const INITIALIZED_BYTES: usize = 1;
/// Storage for the serialized size of the BTreeMap control
pub const BTREE_LENGTH: usize = 4;
/// Storage for the serialized BTreeMap container
pub const BTREE_STORAGE: usize = 1019;
/// Sum of all account state lengths
pub const ACCOUNT_STATE_SPACE: usize = INITIALIZED_BYTES + BTREE_LENGTH + BTREE_STORAGE;

/// Packs the initialized flag and data content into destination slice
#[allow(clippy::ptr_offset_with_cast)]
pub fn pack_into_slice(
    is_initialized: bool,
    btree_storage: &BTreeMap<String, String>,
    dst: &mut [u8],
) {
    let dst = array_mut_ref![dst, 0, ACCOUNT_STATE_SPACE];
    // Setup pointers to key areas of account state data
    let (is_initialized_dst, data_len_dst, data_dst) =
        mut_array_refs![dst, INITIALIZED_BYTES, BTREE_LENGTH, BTREE_STORAGE];
    // Set the initialized flag
    is_initialized_dst[0] = is_initialized as u8;
    // Store the core data length and serialized content
    let keyval_store_data = btree_storage.try_to_vec().unwrap();
    let data_len = keyval_store_data.len();
    if data_len < BTREE_STORAGE {
        data_len_dst[..].copy_from_slice(&(data_len as u32).to_le_bytes());
        sol_memcpy(data_dst, &keyval_store_data, data_len);
    } else {
        panic!();
    }
}

/// Unpacks the data from slice and return the initialized flag and data content
#[allow(clippy::ptr_offset_with_cast)]
pub fn unpack_from_slice(src: &[u8]) -> Result<(bool, BTreeMap<String, String>), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let src = array_ref![src, 0, ACCOUNT_STATE_SPACE];
    // Setup pointers to key areas of account state data
    let (is_initialized_src, data_len_src, data_src) =
        array_refs![src, INITIALIZED_BYTES, BTREE_LENGTH, BTREE_STORAGE];

    let is_initialized = match is_initialized_src {
        [0] => false,
        [1] => true,
        _ => {
            return Err(Box::<dyn Error>::from(format!(
                "unrecognized initialization flag \"{:?}\". in account",
                is_initialized_src
            )))
        }
    };
    // Get current size of content in data area
    let data_len = u32::from_le_bytes(*data_len_src) as usize;
    // If emptry, create a default
    if data_len == 0 {
        Ok((is_initialized, BTreeMap::<String, String>::new()))
    } else {
        let data_dser = BTreeMap::<String, String>::try_from_slice(&data_src[0..data_len]).unwrap();
        Ok((is_initialized, data_dser))
    }
}

Utilisation

Ce qui suit regroupe tout cela et montre comment le programme interagit avec le ProgramAccountState qui encapsule le drapeau d'initialisation ainsi que le BTreeMap correspondant à nos paires clé/valeur.

D'abord quand nous voulons initialiser un tout nouveau compte :

/// Initialize a new program account, which is the first in AccountInfo array
fn initialize_account(accounts: &[AccountInfo]) -> ProgramResult {
    msg!("Initialize account");
    let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    let program_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
    let mut account_data = program_account.data.borrow_mut();
    // Here we use unpack_unchecked as we have yet to initialize
    // Had we tried to use unpack it would fail because, well, chicken and egg
    let mut account_state = ProgramAccountState::unpack_unchecked(&account_data)?;
    // We double check that we haven't already initialized this accounts data
    // more than once. If we are good, we set the initialized flag
    if account_state.is_initialized() {
        return Err(SampleError::AlreadyInitializedState.into());
    } else {
        account_state.set_initialized();
    }
    // Finally, we store back to the accounts space
    ProgramAccountState::pack(account_state, &mut account_data).unwrap();
    Ok(())
}

Nous pouvons maintenant opérer sur nos autres instructions comme nous pouvons le voir en créant une nouvelle paire clé/valeur que nous avons précédemment montrée lors de l'envoi d'instructions depuis un client :

/// Mint a key/pair to the programs account, which is the first in accounts
fn mint_keypair_to_account(accounts: &[AccountInfo], key: String, value: String) -> ProgramResult {
    msg!("Mint to account");
    let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
    let program_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
    let mut account_data = program_account.data.borrow_mut();
    // Unpacking an uninitialized account state will fail
    let mut account_state = ProgramAccountState::unpack(&account_data)?;
    // Add the key value pair to the underlying BTreeMap
    account_state.add(key, value)?;
    // Finally, serialize back to the accounts data
    ProgramAccountState::pack(account_state, &mut account_data)?;
    Ok(())
}

Comment désérialisation des données du compte côté client

Les clients peuvent appeler Solana pour récupérer un compte appartenant à un programme, dans lequel le bloc de données sérialisées fait partie du résultat. La désérialisation nécessite de connaître la structure des blocs de données.

Celle-ci a été décrite Ici

import { serialize, deserialize, deserializeUnchecked } from "borsh";
import { Buffer } from "buffer";
import {
  Keypair,
  AccountMeta,
  Connection,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  PublicKey,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

// Flexible class that takes properties and imbues them
// to the object instance
class Assignable {
  constructor(properties) {
    Object.keys(properties).map((key) => {
      return (this[key] = properties[key]);
    });
  }
}

export class AccoundData extends Assignable {}

const dataSchema = new Map([
  [
    AccoundData,
    {
      kind: "struct",
      fields: [
        ["initialized", "u8"],
        ["tree_length", "u32"],
        ["map", { kind: "map", key: "string", value: "string" }],
      ],
    },
  ],
]);

/**
 * Fetch program account data
 * @param {Connection} connection - Solana RPC connection
 * @param {PublicKey} account - Public key for account whose data we want
 * @return {Promise<AccoundData>} - Keypair
 */
export async function getAccountData(
  connection: Connection,
  account: PublicKey
): Promise<AccoundData> {
  let nameAccount = await connection.getAccountInfo(account, "processed");
  return deserializeUnchecked(dataSchema, AccoundData, nameAccount.data);
}

from borsh_construct import CStruct, U8, U32, HashMap, String
from solana.rpc.commitment import Confirmed
from solders.pubkey import Pubkey
from solana.rpc.api import Client


# Schema to deserialize program's account data
account_schema = CStruct(
    "initialized" / U8,
    "map_length" / U32,
    "map" / HashMap(String, String)
)


def get_account_info(client: Client, account_pk: Pubkey):
    """Fetch account information from RPC, parse out the data and deserialize"""
    res = client.get_account_info(account_pk, Confirmed, encoding='base64')
    return account_schema.parse(res.value.data)

# Results in or similar
# => Container:
# =>     initialized = 1
# =>     map_length = 109
# =>     map = {'Happy': 'New Year!', 'newKey': 'A new value',
# =>            'python key': 'python value', 'ts key': 'ts first value'}

use {
    arrayref::*,
    borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize},
    std::{collections::BTreeMap, error::Error},
};

#[allow(clippy::ptr_offset_with_cast)]
pub fn unpack_from_slice(src: &[u8]) -> Result<(bool, BTreeMap<String, String>), Box<dyn Error>> {
    let src = array_ref![src, 0, ACCOUNT_STATE_SPACE];
    // Setup pointers to key areas of account state data
    let (is_initialized_src, data_len_src, data_src) =
        array_refs![src, INITIALIZED_BYTES, BTREE_LENGTH, BTREE_STORAGE];

    let is_initialized = match is_initialized_src {
        [0] => false,
        [1] => true,
        _ => {
            return Err(Box::<dyn Error>::from(format!(
                "unrecognized initialization flag \"{:?}\". in account",
                is_initialized_src
            )))
        }
    };
    // Get current size of content in data area
    let data_len = u32::from_le_bytes(*data_len_src) as usize;
    // If emptry, create a default
    if data_len == 0 {
        Ok((is_initialized, BTreeMap::<String, String>::new()))
    } else {
        let data_dser = BTreeMap::<String, String>::try_from_slice(&data_src[0..data_len]).unwrap();
        Ok((is_initialized, data_dser))
    }
}

Mappages courants de Solana TS/JS

La Spécification de Borsh contient la plupart des mappages pour les types de données primitifs et composés.

La clé pour TS/JS et Python est la création d'un schéma Borsh avec une définition appropriée afin que les fonctions de sérialisation et de désérialisation puissent générer ou parcourir les entrées respectives.

Nous présentons ici la sérialisation de primitives (nombres, chaînes de caractères) et de types composés (tableau à taille fixe, Map) d'abord en Typescript, puis en Python et enfin la désérialisation équivalente du côté de Rust :

#!/usr/bin/env node

import { serialize, deserialize, deserializeUnchecked } from "borsh";
import { Buffer } from "buffer";
import { expect } from "chai";
import { PublicKey, Struct } from "@solana/web3.js";

/**
 * Primitive extends the Struct type from Solana Library
 * for convenience of dynamic property setting
 * @extends {Struct} Solana JS Struct class
 */

class Primitive extends Struct {
  constructor(properties) {
    super(properties);
  }
}

/**
 * Entry point for script *
 */
async function entry() {
  // Emulate BTreeMap
  let map = new Map();
  map.set("cookbook", "recipe");
  map.set("recipe", "ingredient");

  // Setup a Primitive for all basic and a few
  // compound types
  const value = new Primitive({
    U8: 255,
    U16: 65535,
    U32: 4294967295,
    FIXED_STRING_ARRAY: ["hello", "world"],
    FIXED_U8_ARRAY: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
    MAP_STRING_STRING: map,
  });
  // Define our schema
  const schema = new Map([
    [
      Primitive,
      {
        kind: "struct",
        fields: [
          ["U8", "u8"],
          ["U16", "u16"],
          ["U32", "u32"],
          ["FIXED_STRING_ARRAY", ["string", 2]],
          ["FIXED_U8_ARRAY", ["u8", 5]],
          [
            "MAP_STRING_STRING",
            { kind: "map", key: "string", value: "string" },
          ],
        ],
      },
    ],
  ]);
  console.log("Value = ", value);
  // Serialize then deserialize
  const dser = Buffer.from(serialize(schema, value));
  console.log(dser);
  const newValue = deserialize(schema, Primitive, dser);
  // Viola!
  console.log("New value = ", newValue);
  console.log("Fixed string array = ", newValue["FIXED_STRING_ARRAY"]);
  console.log("Fixed u8 array = ", newValue["FIXED_U8_ARRAY"]);
  console.log("Map = ", newValue["MAP_STRING_STRING"]);
}

entry();

from borsh_construct import U8, U16, U32, String, HashMap

# Schema to deserialize various types
primitive_schema = CStruct(
        "U8" / U8,
        "U16" / U16,
        "U32" / U32,
        "FIXED_STRING_ARRAY" / String[2],
        "FIXED_U8_ARRAY" / U8[5],
        "MAP_STRING_STRING" / HashMap(String, String)
)


def common():
    mapping = {"cookbook": "recipe", "recipe": "ingredient"}

    # Serialize
    dser = primitive_schema.build({
        'U8': 255,
        'U16': 65535,
        'U32': 4294967295,
        "FIXED_STRING_ARRAY": ['hello', 'world'],
        "FIXED_U8_ARRAY": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
        "MAP_STRING_STRING": mapping})
    print(dser)
    # => b'\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x05\x00\x00\x00hello\x05\x00\x00\x00world\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x02\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00cookbook\x06\x00\x00\x00recipe\x06\x00\x00\x00recipe\n\x00\x00\x00ingredient'
    # Deserialize
    new_value = primitive_schema.parse(dser)
    # Viola
    print(new_value)
    # => Container:
    # =>    U8 = 255
    # =>    U16 = 65535
    # =>    U32 = 4294967295
    # =>    FIXED_STRING_ARRAY = ListContainer:
    # =>        hello
    # =>        world
    # =>    FIXED_U8_ARRAY = ListContainer:
    # =>        1
    # =>        2
    # =>        3
    # =>        4
    # =>        5
    # =>    MAP_STRING_STRING = {'cookbook': 'recipe', 'recipe': 'ingredient'}

fn main() {}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
    use std::collections::BTreeMap;

    #[test]
    fn primitives() {
        let prim = [
            255u8, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 5, 0, 0, 0, 104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 5, 0, 0, 0,
            119, 111, 114, 108, 100, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 99, 111, 111, 107, 98,
            111, 111, 107, 6, 0, 0, 0, 114, 101, 99, 105, 112, 101, 6, 0, 0, 0, 114, 101, 99, 105,
            112, 101, 10, 0, 0, 0, 105, 110, 103, 114, 101, 100, 105, 101, 110, 116,
        ];
        #[derive(BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize, Debug)]
        struct Primitive(
            u8,
            u16,
            u32,
            String,
            String,
            [u8; 5],
            BTreeMap<String, String>,
        );
        let x = Primitive::try_from_slice(&prim).unwrap();
        println!("{:?}", x);
    }
}

Constructions Avancées

Nous avons montré comment créer des chargements simples dans les exemples précédents. Cette section montrera le mappage approprié entre TS/JS et Rust pour les gérer.

COption

#!/usr/bin/env node

import { serialize, deserialize, deserializeUnchecked } from "borsh";
import { Buffer } from "buffer";
import { PublicKey, Struct } from "@solana/web3.js";

/**
 * COption is meant to mirror the
 * `solana_program::options::COption`
 *
 * This type stores a u32 flag (0 | 1) indicating
 * the presence or not of a underlying PublicKey
 *
 * Similar to a Rust Option
 * @extends {Struct} Solana JS Struct class
 * @implements {encode}
 */
class COption extends Struct {
  constructor(properties) {
    super(properties);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a COption from a PublicKey
   * @param {PublicKey?} akey
   * @returns {COption} COption
   */
  static fromPublicKey(akey?: PublicKey): COption {
    if (akey == undefined) {
      return new COption({
        noneOrSome: 0,
        pubKeyBuffer: new Uint8Array(32),
      });
    } else {
      return new COption({
        noneOrSome: 1,
        pubKeyBuffer: akey.toBytes(),
      });
    }
  }
  /**
   * @returns {Buffer} Serialized COption (this)
   */
  encode(): Buffer {
    return Buffer.from(serialize(COPTIONSCHEMA, this));
  }
  /**
   * Safe deserializes a borsh serialized buffer to a COption
   * @param {Buffer} data - Buffer containing borsh serialized data
   * @returns {COption} COption object
   */
  static decode(data): COption {
    return deserialize(COPTIONSCHEMA, this, data);
  }

  /**
   * Unsafe deserializes a borsh serialized buffer to a COption
   * @param {Buffer} data - Buffer containing borsh serialized data
   * @returns {COption} COption object
   */
  static decodeUnchecked(data): COption {
    return deserializeUnchecked(COPTIONSCHEMA, this, data);
  }
}

/**
 * Defines the layout of the COption object
 * for serializing/deserializing
 * @type {Map}
 */
const COPTIONSCHEMA = new Map([
  [
    COption,
    {
      kind: "struct",
      fields: [
        ["noneOrSome", "u32"],
        ["pubKeyBuffer", [32]],
      ],
    },
  ],
]);

/**
 * Entry point for script *
 */
async function entry(indata?: PublicKey) {
  // If we get a PublicKey
  if (indata) {
    // Construct COption instance
    const coption = COption.fromPublicKey(indata);
    console.log("Testing COption with " + indata.toBase58());
    // Serialize it
    let copt_ser = coption.encode();
    console.log("copt_ser ", copt_ser);
    // Deserialize it
    const tdone = COption.decode(copt_ser);
    console.log(tdone);
    // Validate contains PublicKey
    if (tdone["noneOrSome"] == 1) {
      console.log("pubkey: " + new PublicKey(tdone["pubKeyBuffer"]).toBase58());
    }
    /*
            Output:
            Testing COption with A94wMjV54C8f8wn7zL8TxNCdNiGoq7XSN7vWGrtd4vwU
            copt_ser  Buffer(36) [1, 0, 0, 0, 135, 202, 71, 214, 68, 105, 98, 176, 211, 130, 105, 2, 55, 187, 86, 186, 109, 176, 80, 208, 77, 100, 221, 101, 20, 203, 149, 166, 96, 171, 119, 35, buffer: ArrayBuffer(8192), byteLength: 36, byteOffset: 1064, length: 36]
            COption {noneOrSome: 1, pubKeyBuffer: Uint8Array(32)}
            pubkey: A94wMjV54C8f8wn7zL8TxNCdNiGoq7XSN7vWGrtd4vwU
        */
  } else {
    console.log("Testing COption with null");
    // Construct COption instance
    const coption = COption.fromPublicKey();
    // Serialize it
    const copt_ser = coption.encode();
    console.log(copt_ser);
    // Deserialize it
    const tdone1 = COption.decode(copt_ser);
    console.log(tdone1);
    // Validate does NOT contains PublicKey
    if (tdone1["noneOrSome"] == 1) {
      throw Error("Expected no public key");
    } else console.log("pubkey: null");
    /*
            Output:
            Testing COption with null
            Buffer(36)[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, buffer: ArrayBuffer(8192), byteLength: 36, byteOffset: 2272, length: 36]
            COption { noneOrSome: 0, pubKeyBuffer: Uint8Array(32) }
            pubkey: null
        */
  }
}

// Test with PublicKey
entry(new PublicKey("A94wMjV54C8f8wn7zL8TxNCdNiGoq7XSN7vWGrtd4vwU"));
console.log("");
// Test without PublicKey
entry();

fn main() {}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use arrayref::{array_ref, array_refs};
    use solana_program::{program_option::COption, pubkey::Pubkey};

    /// Emulate how COption is 'unpacked'
    fn deser_option(data: &[u8]) -> COption<Pubkey> {
        // Map the data block
        let ain = array_ref![data, 0, 36];
        let (base, key) = array_refs![ain, 4, 32];
        // Get the SOME or NONE u32
        let nos = u32::from_le_bytes(*base);
        // Construct the COption accordingly
        let opt: COption<Pubkey> = if nos == 0 {
            COption::None
        } else {
            COption::Some(Pubkey::new_from_array(*key))
        };
        opt
    }
    #[test]
    fn btest() {
        // From Typescript with borsh'ing
        let copt = [
            1u8, 0, 0, 0, 135, 202, 71, 214, 68, 105, 98, 176, 211, 130, 105, 2, 55, 187, 86, 186,
            109, 176, 80, 208, 77, 100, 221, 101, 20, 203, 149, 166, 96, 171, 119, 35,
        ];
        // Emulate COption deserialization
        let coption = deser_option(&copt);
        if coption.is_some() {
            println!("{:?}", coption.expect("Uh-oh"));
        }
        // As a Borsh Struct
        #[derive(BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize, Debug)]
        struct TOption(u32, [u8; 32]);
        let toption = TOption::try_from_slice(&copt).unwrap();
        let pkey = Pubkey::new_from_array(toption.1);
        println!("Some = {:?} Pubkey = {:?}", toption.0, pkey);
    }
}

# Sérialisation des données

# Configuration pour la sérialisation avec Borsh

# Comment sérialiser les données d'instruction côté client

# Comment désérialiser les données d'instruction dans le programme

# Comment sérialiser des données du compte dans le programme

# Pack

# Sérialisation/Désérialisation

# Utilisation

# Comment désérialisation des données du compte côté client

# Mappages courants de Solana TS/JS

# Constructions Avancées

# COption

# Ressources